Chapter 19. Stored Procedures and Functions

Table of Contents

19.1. Stored Routines and the Grant Tables
19.2. Stored Routine Syntax
19.2.1. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax
19.2.2. ALTER PROCEDURE and ALTER FUNCTION Syntax
19.2.3. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax
19.2.4. CALL Statement Syntax
19.2.5. BEGIN ... END Compound Statement Syntax
19.2.6. DECLARE Statement Syntax
19.2.7. Variables in Stored Routines
19.2.8. Conditions and Handlers
19.2.9. Cursors
19.2.10. Flow Control Constructs
19.3. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and Replication: Frequently Asked Questions
19.4. Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers

Stored routines (procedures and functions) are supported in MySQL 5.1. A stored procedure is a set of SQL statements that can be stored in the server. Once this has been done, clients don't need to keep reissuing the individual statements but can refer to the stored procedure instead.

Some situations where stored routines can be particularly useful:

Stored routines can provide improved performance because less information needs to be sent between the server and the client. The tradeoff is that this does increase the load on the database server because more of the work is done on the server side and less is done on the client (application) side. Consider this if many client machines (such as Web servers) are serviced by only one or a few database servers.

Stored routines also allow you to have libraries of functions in the database server. This is a feature shared by modern application languages that allow such design internally (for example, by using classes). Using these client application language features is beneficial for the programmer even outside the scope of database use.

MySQL follows the SQL:2003 syntax for stored routines, which is also used by IBM's DB2.

The MySQL implementation of stored routines is still in progress. All syntax described in this chapter is supported and any limitations and extensions are documented where appropriate. Further discussion of restrictions on use of stored routines is given in Section I.1, “Restrictions on Stored Routines and Triggers”.

Binary logging for stored routines takes place as described in Section 19.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

19.1. Stored Routines and the Grant Tables

Stored routines require the proc table in the mysql database. This table is created during the MySQL 5.1 installation procedure. If you are upgrading to MySQL 5.1 from an earlier version, be sure to update your grant tables to make sure that the proc table exists. See Section 5.5.2, “mysql_upgrade — Check Tables for MySQL Upgrade”.

The server manipulates the mysql.proc table in response to statements that create, alter, or drop stored routines. It is not supported that the server will notice manual manipulation of this table.

The MySQL grant system takes stored routines into account as follows:

  • The CREATE ROUTINE privilege is needed to create stored routines.

  • The ALTER ROUTINE privilege is needed to alter or drop stored routines. This privilege is granted automatically to the creator of a routine.

  • The EXECUTE privilege is required to execute stored routines. However, this privilege is granted automatically to the creator of a routine. Also, the default SQL SECURITY characteristic for a routine is DEFINER, which enables users who have access to the database with which the routine is associated to execute the routine.

19.2. Stored Routine Syntax

A stored routine is either a procedure or a function. Stored routines are created with CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION statements. A procedure is invoked using a CALL statement, and can only pass back values using output variables. A function can be called from inside a statement just like any other function (that is, by invoking the function's name), and can return a scalar value. Stored routines may call other stored routines.

A stored procedure or function is associated with a particular database. This has several implications:

  • When the routine is invoked, an implicit USE db_name is performed (and undone when the routine terminates). USE statements within stored routines are disallowed.

  • You can qualify routine names with the database name. This can be used to refer to a routine that is not in the current database. For example, to invoke a stored procedure p or function f that is associated with the test database, you can say CALL test.p() or test.f().

  • When a database is dropped, all stored routines associated with it are dropped as well.

MySQL supports the very useful extension that allows the use of regular SELECT statements (that is, without using cursors or local variables) inside a stored procedure. The result set of such a query is simply sent directly to the client. Multiple SELECT statements generate multiple result sets, so the client must use a MySQL client library that supports multiple result sets. This means the client must use a client library from a version of MySQL at least as recent as 4.1. The client should also specify the CLIENT_MULTI_STATEMENTS option when it connects. For C programs, this can be done with the mysql_real_connect() C API function (see Section 25.2.3.51, “mysql_real_connect()).

The following sections describe the syntax used to create, alter, drop, and invoke stored procedures and functions.

19.2.1. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

CREATE
    [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
    PROCEDURE sp_name ([proc_parameter[,...]])
    [characteristic ...] routine_body

CREATE
    [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
    FUNCTION sp_name ([func_parameter[,...]])
    RETURNS type
    [characteristic ...] routine_body
    
proc_parameter:
    [ IN | OUT | INOUT ] param_name type
    
func_parameter:
    param_name type

type:
    Any valid MySQL data type

characteristic:
    LANGUAGE SQL
  | [NOT] DETERMINISTIC
  | { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }
  | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }
  | COMMENT 'string'

routine_body:
    Valid SQL procedure statement

These statements create stored routines. To use them, it is necessary to have the CREATE ROUTINE privilege. If binary logging is enabled, the CREATE FUNCTION statement might may also require the SUPER privilege, as described in Section 19.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”. MySQL automatically grants the ALTER ROUTINE and EXECUTE privileges to the routine creator.

By default, the routine is associated with the default database. To associate the routine explicitly with a given database, specify the name as db_name.sp_name when you create it.

If the routine name is the same as the name of a built-in SQL function, you must use a space between the name and the following parenthesis when defining the routine, or a syntax error occurs. This is also true when you invoke the routine later. For this reason, we suggest that it is better to avoid re-using the names of existing SQL functions for your own stored routines.

The IGNORE_SPACE SQL mode applies to built-in functions, not to stored routines. it is always allowable to have spaces after a routine name, regardless of whether IGNORE_SPACE is enabled.

The parameter list enclosed within parentheses must always be present. If there are no parameters, an empty parameter list of () should be used. Each parameter is an IN parameter by default. To specify otherwise for a parameter, use the keyword OUT or INOUT before the parameter name.

Note: Specifying a parameter as IN, OUT, or INOUT is valid only for a PROCEDURE. (FUNCTION parameters are always regarded as IN parameters.)

Each parameter can be declared to use any valid data type, except that the COLLATE attribute cannot be used.

The RETURNS clause may be specified only for a FUNCTION, for which it is mandatory. It indicates the return type of the function, and the function body must contain a RETURN value statement.

The routine_body consists of a valid SQL procedure statement. This can be a simple statement such as SELECT or INSERT, or it can be a compound statement written using BEGIN and END. Compound statement syntax is described in Section 19.2.5, “BEGIN ... END Compound Statement Syntax”. Compound statements can contain declarations, loops, and other control structure statements. The syntax for these statements is described later in this chapter. See, for example, Section 19.2.6, “DECLARE Statement Syntax”, and Section 19.2.10, “Flow Control Constructs”. Some statements are not allowed in stored routines; see Section I.1, “Restrictions on Stored Routines and Triggers”.

The CREATE FUNCTION statement was used in earlier versions of MySQL to support UDFs (user-defined functions). See Section 27.3, “Adding New Functions to MySQL”. UDFs continue to be supported, even with the existence of stored functions. A UDF can be regarded as an external stored function. However, do note that stored functions share their namespace with UDFs.

A procedure or function is considered “deterministic” if it always produces the same result for the same input parameters, and “not deterministic” otherwise. If neither DETERMINISTIC nor NOT DETERMINISTIC is given in the routine definition, the default is NOT DETERMINISTIC.

For replication purposes, use of the NOW() function (or its synonyms) or RAND() does not necessarily make a routine non-deterministic. For NOW(), the binary log includes the timestamp and replicates correctly. RAND() also replicates correctly as long as it is invoked only once within a routine. (You can consider the routine execution timestamp and random number seed as implicit inputs that are identical on the master and slave.)

Currently, the DETERMINISTIC characteristic is accepted, but not yet used by the optimizer. However, if binary logging is enabled, this characteristic affects which routine definitions MySQL accepts. See Section 19.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

Several characteristics provide information about the nature of data use by the routine. CONTAINS SQL indicates that the routine does not contain statements that read or write data. NO SQL indicates that the routine contains no SQL statements. READS SQL DATA indicates that the routine contains statements that read data, but not statements that write data. MODIFIES SQL DATA indicates that the routine contains statements that may write data. CONTAINS SQL is the default if none of these characteristics is given explicitly. These characteristics are advisory only. The server does not use them to constrain what kinds of statements a routine will be allowed to execute.

The SQL SECURITY characteristic can be used to specify whether the routine should be executed using the permissions of the user who creates the routine or the user who invokes it. The default value is DEFINER. This feature is new in SQL:2003. The creator or invoker must have permission to access the database with which the routine is associated. It is necessary to have the EXECUTE privilege to be able to execute the routine. The user that must have this privilege is either the definer or invoker, depending on how the SQL SECURITY characteristic is set.

The optional DEFINER clause specifies the MySQL account to be used when checking access privileges at routine execution time for routines that have the SQL SECURITY DEFINER characteristic. The DEFINER clause was added in MySQL 5.1.8.

If a user value is given, it should be a MySQL account in 'user_name'@'host_name' format (the same format used in the GRANT statement). The user_name and host_name values both are required. CURRENT_USER also can be given as CURRENT_USER(). The default DEFINER value is the user who executes the CREATE PROCEDURE or CREATE FUNCTION or statement. (This is the same as DEFINER = CURRENT_USER.)

If you specify the DEFINER clause, you cannot set the value to any account but your own unless you have the SUPER privilege. These rules determine the legal DEFINER user values:

  • If you do not have the SUPER privilege, the only legal user value is your own account, either specified literally or by using CURRENT_USER. You cannot set the definer to some other account.

  • If you have the SUPER privilege, you can specify any syntactically legal account name. If the account does not actually exist, a warning is generated.

    Although it is possible to create routines with a non-existent DEFINER value, an error occurs if the routine executes with definer privileges but the definer does not exist at execution time.

MySQL stores the sql_mode system variable setting that is in effect at the time a routine is created, and always executes the routine with this setting in force.

When the routine is invoked, an implicit USE db_name is performed (and undone when the routine terminates). USE statements within stored routines are disallowed.

The server uses the data type of a routine parameter or function return value as follows. These rules also apply to local routine variables created with the DECLARE statement (Section 19.2.7.1, “DECLARE Local Variables”).

  • Assignments are checked for data type mismatches and overflow. Conversion and overflow problems result in warnings, or errors in strict mode.

  • For character data types, if there is a CHARACTER SET clause in the declaration, the specified character set and its default collation are used. If there is no such clause, the database character set and collation are used. (These are given by the values of the character_set_database and collation_database system variables.)

  • Only scalar values can be assigned to parameters or variables. For example, a statement such as SET x = (SELECT 1, 2) is invalid.

The COMMENT clause is a MySQL extension, and may be used to describe the stored routine. This information is displayed by the SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION statements.

MySQL allows routines to contain DDL statements, such as CREATE and DROP. MySQL also allows stored procedures (but not stored functions) to contain SQL transaction statements such as COMMIT. Stored functions may not contain statements that do explicit or implicit commit or rollback. Support for these statements is not required by the SQL standard, which states that each DBMS vendor may decide whether to allow them.

Stored routines cannot use LOAD DATA INFILE.

Statements that return a result set cannot be used within a stored function. This includes SELECT statements that do not use INTO to fetch column values into variables, SHOW statements, and other statements such as EXPLAIN. For statements that can be determined at function definition time to return a result set, a Not allowed to return a result set from a function error occurs (ER_SP_NO_RETSET_IN_FUNC). For statements that can be determined only at runtime to return a result set, a PROCEDURE %s can't return a result set in the given context error occurs (ER_SP_BADSELECT).

The following is an example of a simple stored procedure that uses an OUT parameter. The example uses the mysql client delimiter command to change the statement delimiter from ; to // while the procedure is being defined. This allows the ; delimiter used in the procedure body to be passed through to the server rather than being interpreted by mysql itself.

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE simpleproc (OUT param1 INT)
    -> BEGIN
    ->   SELECT COUNT(*) INTO param1 FROM t;
    -> END;
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;

mysql> CALL simpleproc(@a);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @a;
+------+
| @a   |
+------+
| 3    |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

When using the delimiter command, you should avoid the use of the backslash (‘\’) character because that is the escape character for MySQL.

The following is an example of a function that takes a parameter, performs an operation using an SQL function, and returns the result. In this case, it is unnecessary to use delimiter because the function definition contains no internal ; statement delimiters:

mysql> CREATE FUNCTION hello (s CHAR(20)) RETURNS CHAR(50)
    -> RETURN CONCAT('Hello, ',s,'!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT hello('world');
+----------------+
| hello('world') |
+----------------+
| Hello, world!  |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

A stored function returns a value of the data type specified in its RETURNS clause. If the RETURN statement returns a value of a different type, the value is coerced to the proper type. For example, if a function returns an ENUM or SET value, but the RETURN statement returns an integer, the value returned from the function is the string for the corresponding ENUM member of set of SET members.

19.2.2. ALTER PROCEDURE and ALTER FUNCTION Syntax

ALTER {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} sp_name [characteristic ...]

characteristic:
    { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }
  | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }
  | COMMENT 'string'

This statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored procedure or function. You must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine. (That privilege is granted automatically to the routine creator.) If binary logging is enabled, the ALTER FUNCTION statement might also require the SUPER privilege, as described in Section 19.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

More than one change may be specified in an ALTER PROCEDURE or ALTER FUNCTION statement.

19.2.3. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax

DROP {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} [IF EXISTS] sp_name

This statement is used to drop a stored procedure or function. That is, the specified routine is removed from the server. You must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine. (That privilege is granted automatically to the routine creator.)

The IF EXISTS clause is a MySQL extension. It prevents an error from occurring if the procedure or function does not exist. A warning is produced that can be viewed with SHOW WARNINGS.

19.2.4. CALL Statement Syntax

CALL sp_name([parameter[,...]])

The CALL statement invokes a procedure that was defined previously with CREATE PROCEDURE.

CALL can pass back values to its caller using parameters that are declared as OUT or INOUT parameters. It also “returns” the number of rows affected, which a client program can obtain at the SQL level by calling the ROW_COUNT() function and from C by calling the mysql_affected_rows() C API function.

19.2.5. BEGIN ... END Compound Statement Syntax

[begin_label:] BEGIN
    [statement_list]
END [end_label]

BEGIN ... END syntax is used for writing compound statements, which can appear within stored routines and triggers. A compound statement can contain multiple statements, enclosed by the BEGIN and END keywords. statement_list represents a list of one or more statements. Each statement within statement_list must be terminated by a semicolon (;) statement delimiter. Note that statement_list is optional, which means that the empty compound statement (BEGIN END) is legal.

Use of multiple statements requires that a client is able to send statement strings containing the ; statement delimiter. This is handled in the mysql command-line client with the delimiter command. Changing the ; end-of-statement delimiter (for example, to //) allows ; to be used in a routine body. For an example, see Section 19.2.1, “CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax”.

A compound statement can be labeled. end_label cannot be given unless begin_label also is present. If both are present, they must be the same.

The optional [NOT] ATOMIC clause is not yet supported. This means that no transactional savepoint is set at the start of the instruction block and the BEGIN clause used in this context has no effect on the current transaction.

19.2.6. DECLARE Statement Syntax

The DECLARE statement is used to define various items local to a routine:

The SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statements are not currently supported.

DECLARE is allowed only inside a BEGIN ... END compound statement and must be at its start, before any other statements.

Declarations must follow a certain order. Cursors must be declared before declaring handlers, and variables and conditions must be declared before declaring either cursors or handlers.

19.2.7. Variables in Stored Routines

You may declare and use variables within a routine.

19.2.7.1. DECLARE Local Variables

DECLARE var_name[,...] type [DEFAULT value]

This statement is used to declare local variables. To provide a default value for the variable, include a DEFAULT clause. The value can be specified as an expression; it need not be a constant. If the DEFAULT clause is missing, the initial value is NULL.

Local variables are treated like routine parameters with respect to data type and overflow checking. See Section 19.2.1, “CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax”.

The scope of a local variable is within the BEGIN ... END block where it is declared. The variable can be referred to in blocks nested within the declaring block, except those blocks that declare a variable with the same name.

19.2.7.2. Variable SET Statement

SET var_name = expr [, var_name = expr] ...

The SET statement in stored routines is an extended version of the general SET statement. Referenced variables may be ones declared inside a routine, or global system variables.

The SET statement in stored routines is implemented as part of the pre-existing SET syntax. This allows an extended syntax of SET a=x, b=y, ... where different variable types (locally declared variables and global and session server variables) can be mixed. This also allows combinations of local variables and some options that make sense only for system variables; in that case, the options are recognized but ignored.

19.2.7.3. SELECT ... INTO Statement

SELECT col_name[,...] INTO var_name[,...] table_expr

This SELECT syntax stores selected columns directly into variables. Therefore, only a single row may be retrieved.

SELECT id,data INTO x,y FROM test.t1 LIMIT 1;

User variable names are not case sensitive. See Section 9.3, “User-Defined Variables”.

Important: SQL variable names should not be the same as column names. If an SQL statement, such as a SELECT ... INTO statement, contains a reference to a column and a declared local variable with the same name, MySQL currently interprets the reference as the name of a variable. For example, in the following statement, xname is interpreted as a reference to the xname variable rather than the xname column:

CREATE PROCEDURE sp1 (x VARCHAR(5))
  BEGIN
    DECLARE xname VARCHAR(5) DEFAULT 'bob';
    DECLARE newname VARCHAR(5);
    DECLARE xid INT;
    
    SELECT xname,id INTO newname,xid 
      FROM table1 WHERE xname = xname;
    SELECT newname;
  END;

When this procedure is called, the newname variable returns the value 'bob' regardless of the value of the table1.xname column.

See also Section I.1, “Restrictions on Stored Routines and Triggers”.

19.2.8. Conditions and Handlers

Certain conditions may require specific handling. These conditions can relate to errors, as well as to general flow control inside a routine.

19.2.8.1. DECLARE Conditions

DECLARE condition_name CONDITION FOR condition_value

condition_value:
    SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate_value
  | mysql_error_code

This statement specifies conditions that need specific handling. It associates a name with a specified error condition. The name can subsequently be used in a DECLARE HANDLER statement. See Section 19.2.8.2, “DECLARE Handlers”.

A condition_value can be an SQLSTATE value or a MySQL error code.

19.2.8.2. DECLARE Handlers

DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR condition_value[,...] statement

handler_type:
    CONTINUE
  | EXIT
  | UNDO

condition_value:
    SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate_value
  | condition_name
  | SQLWARNING
  | NOT FOUND
  | SQLEXCEPTION
  | mysql_error_code

The DECLARE ... HANDLER statement specifies handlers that each may deal with one or more conditions. If one of these conditions occurs, the specified statement is executed. statement can be a simple statement (for example, SET var_name = value), or it can be a compound statement written using BEGIN and END (see Section 19.2.5, “BEGIN ... END Compound Statement Syntax”).

For a CONTINUE handler, execution of the current routine continues after execution of the handler statement. For an EXIT handler, execution terminates for the BEGIN ... END compound statement in which the handler is declared. (This is true even if the condition occurs in an inner block.) The UNDO handler type statement is not yet supported.

If a condition occurs for which no handler has been declared, the default action is EXIT.

A condition_value can be any of the following values:

  • An SQLSTATE value or a MySQL error code.

  • A condition name previously specified with DECLARE ... CONDITION. See Section 19.2.8.1, “DECLARE Conditions”.

  • SQLWARNING is shorthand for all SQLSTATE codes that begin with 01.

  • NOT FOUND is shorthand for all SQLSTATE codes that begin with 02.

  • SQLEXCEPTION is shorthand for all SQLSTATE codes not caught by SQLWARNING or NOT FOUND.

Example:

mysql> CREATE TABLE test.t (s1 int,primary key (s1));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE handlerdemo ()
    -> BEGIN
    ->   DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '23000' SET @x2 = 1;
    ->   SET @x = 1;
    ->   INSERT INTO test.t VALUES (1);
    ->   SET @x = 2;
    ->   INSERT INTO test.t VALUES (1);
    ->   SET @x = 3;
    -> END;
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> CALL handlerdemo()//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @x//
    +------+
    | @x   |
    +------+
    | 3    |
    +------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The example associates a handler with SQLSTATE 23000, which occurs for a duplicate-key error. Notice that @x is 3, which shows that MySQL executed to the end of the procedure. If the line DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '23000' SET @x2 = 1; had not been present, MySQL would have taken the default path (EXIT) after the second INSERT failed due to the PRIMARY KEY constraint, and SELECT @x would have returned 2.

If you want to ignore a condition, you can declare a CONTINUE handler for it and associate it with an empty block. For example:

DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLWARNING BEGIN END;

19.2.9. Cursors

Simple cursors are supported inside stored procedures and functions. The syntax is as in embedded SQL. Cursors are currently asensitive, read-only, and non-scrolling. Asensitive means that the server may or may not make a copy of its result table.

Cursors must be declared before declaring handlers, and variables and conditions must be declared before declaring either cursors or handlers.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE curdemo()
BEGIN
  DECLARE done INT DEFAULT 0;
  DECLARE a CHAR(16);
  DECLARE b,c INT;
  DECLARE cur1 CURSOR FOR SELECT id,data FROM test.t1;
  DECLARE cur2 CURSOR FOR SELECT i FROM test.t2;
  DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done = 1;

  OPEN cur1;
  OPEN cur2;

  REPEAT
    FETCH cur1 INTO a, b;
    FETCH cur2 INTO c;
    IF NOT done THEN
       IF b < c THEN
          INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,b);
       ELSE
          INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,c);
       END IF;
    END IF;
  UNTIL done END REPEAT;

  CLOSE cur1;
  CLOSE cur2;
END

19.2.9.1. Declaring Cursors

DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR select_statement

This statement declares a cursor. Multiple cursors may be declared in a routine, but each cursor in a given block must have a unique name.

The SELECT statement cannot have an INTO clause.

19.2.9.2. Cursor OPEN Statement

OPEN cursor_name

This statement opens a previously declared cursor.

19.2.9.3. Cursor FETCH Statement

FETCH cursor_name INTO var_name [, var_name] ...

This statement fetches the next row (if a row exists) using the specified open cursor, and advances the cursor pointer.

19.2.9.4. Cursor CLOSE Statement

CLOSE cursor_name

This statement closes a previously opened cursor.

If not closed explicitly, a cursor is closed at the end of the compound statement in which it was declared.

19.2.10. Flow Control Constructs

The IF, CASE, LOOP, WHILE, REPLACE ITERATE, and LEAVE constructs are fully implemented.

Many of these constructs contain other statements, as indicated by the grammer specifications in the following sections. Such constructs may be nested. For example, an IF statement might contain a WHILE loop, which itself contains a CASE statement.

FOR loops are not currently supported.

19.2.10.1. IF Statement

IF search_condition THEN statement_list
    [ELSEIF search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END IF

IF implements a basic conditional construct. If the search_condition evaluates to true, the corresponding SQL statement list is executed. If no search_condition matches, the statement list in the ELSE clause is executed. Each statement_list consists of one or more statements.

Note: There is also an IF() function, which differs from the IF statement described here. See Section 12.2, “Control Flow Functions”.

19.2.10.2. CASE Statement

CASE case_value
    WHEN when_value THEN statement_list
    [WHEN when_value THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END CASE

Or:

CASE
    WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list
    [WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END CASE

The CASE statement for stored routines implements a complex conditional construct. If a search_condition evaluates to true, the corresponding SQL statement list is executed. If no search condition matches, the statement list in the ELSE clause is executed. Each statement_list consists of one or more statements.

Note: The syntax of the CASE statement shown here for use inside stored routines differs slightly from that of the SQL CASE expression described in Section 12.2, “Control Flow Functions”. The CASE statement cannot have an ELSE NULL clause, and it is terminated with END CASE instead of END.

19.2.10.3. LOOP Statement

[begin_label:] LOOP
    statement_list
END LOOP [end_label]

LOOP implements a simple loop construct, enabling repeated execution of the statement list, which consists of one or more statements. The statements within the loop are repeated until the loop is exited; usually this is accomplished with a LEAVE statement.

A LOOP statement can be labeled. end_label cannot be given unless begin_label also is present. If both are present, they must be the same.

19.2.10.4. LEAVE Statement

LEAVE label

This statement is used to exit any labeled flow control construct. It can be used within BEGIN ... END or loop constructs (LOOP, REPEAT, WHILE).

19.2.10.5. ITERATE Statement

ITERATE label

ITERATE can appear only within LOOP, REPEAT, and WHILE statements. ITERATE means “do the loop again.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE doiterate(p1 INT)
BEGIN
  label1: LOOP
    SET p1 = p1 + 1;
    IF p1 < 10 THEN ITERATE label1; END IF;
    LEAVE label1;
  END LOOP label1;
  SET @x = p1;
END

19.2.10.6. REPEAT Statement

[begin_label:] REPEAT
    statement_list
UNTIL search_condition
END REPEAT [end_label]

The statement list within a REPEAT statement is repeated until the search_condition is true. Thus, a REPEAT always enters the loop at least once. statement_list consists of one or more statements.

A REPEAT statement can be labeled. end_label cannot be given unless begin_label also is present. If both are present, they must be the same.

Example:

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE dorepeat(p1 INT)
    -> BEGIN
    ->   SET @x = 0;
    ->   REPEAT SET @x = @x + 1; UNTIL @x > p1 END REPEAT;
    -> END
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> CALL dorepeat(1000)//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @x//
+------+
| @x   |
+------+
| 1001 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

19.2.10.7. WHILE Statement

[begin_label:] WHILE search_condition DO
    statement_list
END WHILE [end_label]

The statement list within a WHILE statement is repeated as long as the search_condition is true. statement_list consists of one or more statements.

A WHILE statement can be labeled. end_label cannot be given unless begin_label also is present. If both are present, they must be the same.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE dowhile()
BEGIN
  DECLARE v1 INT DEFAULT 5;

  WHILE v1 > 0 DO
    ...
    SET v1 = v1 - 1;
  END WHILE;
END

19.3. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and Replication: Frequently Asked Questions

  • Do MySQL 5.1 stored procedures and functions work with replication?

    Yes, standard actions carried out in stored procedures and functions are replicated from a master MySQL server to a slave server. There are a few limitations that are described in detail in Section 19.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

  • Are stored procedures and functions created on a master server replicated to a slave?

    Yes, creation of stored procedures and functions carried out through normal DDL statements on a master server are replicated to a slave, so the objects will exist on both servers. ALTER and DROP statements for stored procedures and functions are also replicated.

  • How are actions that take place inside stored procedures and functions replicated?

    MySQL records each DML event that occurs in a stored procedure and replicates those individual actions to a slave server. The actual calls made to execute stored procedures are not replicated.

    Stored functions that change data are logged as function invocations, not as the DML events that occur inside each function.

  • Are there special security requirements for using stored procedures and functions together with replication?

    Yes. Because a slave server has authority to execute any statement read from a master's binary log, special security constraints exist for using stored functions with replication. If replication or binary logging in general (for the purpose of point-in-time recovery) is active, then MySQL DBAs have two security options open to them:

    • Any user wishing to create stored functions must be granted the SUPER privilege.

    • Alternatively, a DBA can set the log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 1, which enables anyone with the standard CREATE ROUTINE privilege to create stored functions.

  • What limitations exist for replicating stored procedure and function actions?

    Non-deterministic (random) or time-based actions embedded in stored procedures may not replicate properly. By their very nature, randomly produced results are not predictable and cannot be exactly reproduced, and therefore, random actions replicated to a slave will not mirror those performed on a master. Note that declaring stored functions to be DETERMINISTIC or setting the log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 0 will not allow random-valued operations to be invoked.

    In addition, time-based actions cannot be reproduced on a slave because the timing of such actions in a stored procedure is not reproducible through the binary log used for replication. It records only DML events and does not factor in timing constraints.

    Finally, non-transactional tables for which errors occur during large DML actions (such as bulk inserts) may experience replication issues in that a master may be partially updated from DML activity, but no updates are done to the slave because of the errors that occurred. A workaround is for a function's DML actions to be carried out with the IGNORE keyword so that updates on the master that cause errors are ignored and updates that do not cause errors are replicated to the slave.

  • Do the preceding limitations affect MySQL's ability to do point-in-time recovery?

    The same limitations that affect replication do affect point-in-time recovery.

  • What will MySQL do to correct the aforementioned limitations?

    As of MySQL 5.1.5, you can choose either statement-based replication or row-based replication. The original replication implementation is based on statement-based binary logging. Row-based binary logging resolves the limitations mentioned earlier. For additional information, see Section 6.3, “Row-Based Replication”.

  • Do triggers work with replication?

    Triggers and replication in MySQL 5.1 work the same as in most other database engines: Actions carried out through triggers on a master are not replicated to a slave server. Instead, triggers that exist on tables that reside on a MySQL master server need to be created on the corresponding tables on any MySQL slave servers so that the triggers activate on the slaves as well as the master.

  • How are actions carried out through triggers on a master replicated to a slave?

    First, the triggers that exist on a master must be re-created on the slave server. Once this is done, the replication flow works as any other standard DML statement that participates in replication. For example, consider a table EMP that has an AFTER insert trigger, which exists on a master MySQL server. The same EMP table and AFTER insert trigger exist on the slave server as well. The replication flow would be:

    1. An INSERT statement is made to EMP.

    2. The AFTER trigger on EMP activates.

    3. The INSERT statement is written to the binary log.

    4. The replication slave picks up the INSERT statement to EMP and executes it.

    5. The AFTER trigger on EMP that exists on the slave activates.

19.4. Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers

The binary log contains information about SQL statements that modify database contents. This information is stored in the form of “events” that describe the modifications. The binary log has two important purposes:

  • For replication, the master server sends the events contained in its binary log to its slaves, which execute those events to make the same data changes that were made on the master. See Section 6.2, “Replication Implementation Overview”.

  • Certain data recovery operations require use of the binary log. After a backup file has been restored, the events in the binary log that were recorded after the backup was made are re-executed. These events bring databases up to date from the point of the backup. See Section 5.9.2.2, “Using Backups for Recovery”.

This section describes how MySQL 5.1 handles binary logging for stored routines (procedures and functions) and triggers. It also states the current conditions that the implementation places on the use of stored routines, and then provides additional information about the reasons for these conditions.

In general, the issues described here result from the fact that binary logging occurs at the SQL statement level. A future MySQL release is expected to implement row-level binary logging, which specifies the changes to make to individual rows as a result of executing SQL statements.

Unless noted otherwise, the remarks here assume that you have enabled binary logging by starting the server with the --log-bin option. (See Section 5.11.4, “The Binary Log”.) If the binary log is not enabled, replication is not possible, nor is the binary log available for data recovery.

The current conditions on the use of stored functions in MySQL 5.1 can be summarized as follows. These conditions do not apply to stored procedures and they do not apply unless binary logging is enabled.

  • To create or alter a stored function, you must have the SUPER privilege, in addition to the CREATE ROUTINE or ALTER ROUTINE privilege that is normally required.

  • When you create a stored function, you must declare either that it is deterministic or that it does not modify data. Otherwise, it may be unsafe for data recovery or replication.

  • To relax the preceding conditions on function creation (that you must have the SUPER privilege and that a function must be declared deterministic or to not modify data), set the global log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 1. By default, this variable has a value of 0, but you can change it like this:

    mysql> SET GLOBAL log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1;
    

    You can also set this variable by using the --log-bin-trust-function-creators option when starting the server.

    If binary logging is not enabled, log_bin_trust_function_creators does not apply and SUPER is not required for function creation.

Triggers are similar to stored functions, so the preceding remarks regarding functions also apply to triggers with the following exception: CREATE TRIGGER does not have an optional DETERMINISTIC characteristic, so triggers are assumed to be always deterministic. However, this assumption might in some cases be invalid. For example, the UUID() function is non-deterministic (and does not replicate). You should be careful about using such functions in triggers.

Triggers can update tables, so error messages similar to those for stored functions occur with CREATE TRIGGER if you do not have the SUPER privilege and log_bin_trust_function_creators is 0.

The following discussion provides additional detail about the logging implementation and its implications.

  • The server writes CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE FUNCTION, ALTER PROCEDURE, ALTER FUNCTION, DROP PROCEDURE, and DROP FUNCTION statements to the binary log.

  • A stored function invocation is logged as a SELECT statement if the function changes data and occurs within a statement that would not otherwise be logged. This prevents non-replication of data changes that result from use of stored functions in non-logged statements. For example, SELECT statements are not written to the binary log, but a SELECT might invoke a stored function that makes changes. To handle this, a SELECT func_name() statement is written to the binary log when the given function makes a change. Suppose that the following statements are executed on the master:

    CREATE FUNCTION f1(a INT) RETURNS INT
    BEGIN
      IF (a < 3) THEN 
        INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (a);
      END IF;
    END;
    
    CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT);
    INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3);
    
    SELECT f1(a) FROM t1;
    

    When the SELECT statement executes, the function f1() is invoked three times. Two of those invocations insert a row, and MySQL logs a SELECT statement for each of them. That is, MySQL writes the following statements to the binary log:

    SELECT f1(1);
    SELECT f1(2);
    

    The server also logs a SELECT statement for a stored function invocation when the function invokes a stored procedure that causes an error. In this case, the server writes the SELECT statement to the log along with the expected error code. On the slave, if the same error occurs, that is the expected result and replication continues. Otherwise, replication stops.

    Note: Before MySQL 5.1.7, you will see these SELECT func_name() statements logged as DO func_name(). The change to SELECT was made because use of DO was found to yield insufficient control over error code checking.

  • Logging stored function invocations rather than the statements executed by a function has a security implication for replication, which arises from two factors:

    • It is possible for a function to follow different execution paths on master and slave servers.

    • Statements executed on a slave are processed by the slave SQL thread which has full privileges.

    The implication is that although a user must have the CREATE ROUTINE privilege to create a function, the user can write a function containing a dangerous statement that will execute only on the slave where the statement is processed by the SQL thread that has full privileges. For example, if the master and slave servers have server ID values of 1 and 2, respectively, a user on the master server could create and invoke an unsafe function unsafe_func() as follows:

    mysql> delimiter //
    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION unsafe_func () RETURNS INT
        -> BEGIN
        ->   IF @@server_id=2 THEN dangerous_statement; END IF;
        ->   RETURN 1;
        -> END;
        -> //
    mysql> delimiter ;
    mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(unsafe_func());
    

    The CREATE FUNCTION and INSERT statements are written to the binary log, so the slave will execute them. Because the slave SQL thread has full privileges, it will execute the dangerous statment. Thus, the function invocation has different effects on the master and slave and is not replication-safe.

    To guard against this danger for servers that have binary logging enabled, stored function creators must have the SUPER privilege, in addition to the usual CREATE ROUTINE privilege that is required. Similarly, to use ALTER FUNCTION, you must have the SUPER privilege in addition to the ALTER ROUTINE privilege. Without the SUPER privilege, an error will occur:

    ERROR 1419 (HY000): You do not have the SUPER privilege and
    binary logging is enabled (you *might* want to use the less safe
    log_bin_trust_function_creators variable)
    

    If you do not want to require function creators to have the SUPER privilege (for example, if all users with the CREATE ROUTINE privilege on your system are experienced application developers), set the global log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 1. You can also set this variable by using the --log-bin-trust-function-creators option when starting the server. If binary logging is not enabled, log_bin_trust_function_creators does not apply and SUPER is not required for function creation.

  • If a function that performs updates is non-deterministic, it is not repeatable. This can have two undesirable effects:

    • It will make a slave different from the master.

    • Restored data will be different from the original data.

    To deal with these problems, MySQL enforces the following requirement: On a master server, creation and alteration of a function is refused unless you declare the function to be deterministic or to not modify data. Two sets of function characteristics apply here:

    • The DETERMINISTIC and NOT DETERMINISTIC characteristics indicate whether a function always produces the same result for given inputs. The default is NOT DETERMINISTIC if neither characteristic is given, so you must specify DETERMINISTIC explicitly to declare that a function is deterministic.

      Use of the NOW() function (or its synonyms) or RAND() does not necessarily make a function non-deterministic. For NOW(), the binary log includes the timestamp and replicates correctly. RAND() also replicates correctly as long as it is invoked only once within a function. (You can consider the function execution timestamp and random number seed as implicit inputs that are identical on the master and slave.)

    • The CONTAINS SQL, NO SQL, READS SQL DATA, and MODIFIES SQL DATA characteristics provide information about whether the function reads or writes data. Either NO SQL or READS SQL DATA indicates that a function does not change data, but you must specify one of these explicitly because the default is CONTAINS SQL if no characteristic is given.

    By default, for a CREATE FUNCTION statement to be accepted, DETERMINISTIC or one of NO SQL and READS SQL DATA must be specified explicitly. Otherwise an error occurs:

    ERROR 1418 (HY000): This function has none of DETERMINISTIC, NO SQL,
    or READS SQL DATA in its declaration and binary logging is enabled
    (you *might* want to use the less safe log_bin_trust_function_creators
    variable)
    

    If you set log_bin_trust_function_creators to 1, the requirement that functions be deterministic or not modify data is dropped.

    Assessment of the nature of a function is based on the “honesty” of the creator: MySQL does not check that a function declared DETERMINISTIC contains no statements that produce non-deterministic results.

  • Stored procedure calls are logged at the statement level rather than at the CALL level. That is, the server does not log the CALL statement, it logs those statements within the procedure that actually execute. As a result, the same changes that occur on the master will be observed on slave servers. This prevents problems that could result from a procedure having different execution paths on different machines.

    In general, statements executed within a stored procedure are written to the binary log using the same rules that would apply were the statements to be executed in standalone fashion. Some special care is taken when logging procedure statements because statement execution within procedures is not quite the same as in non-procedure context:

    • A statement to be logged might contain references to local procedure variables. These variables do not exist outside of stored procedure context, so a statement that refers to such a variable cannot be logged literally. Instead, each reference to a local variable is replaced by this construct for logging purposes:

      NAME_CONST(var_name, var_value)
      

      var_name is the local variable name, and var_value is a constant indicating the value that the variable has at the time the statement is logged. NAME_CONST() has a value of var_value, and a “name” of var_name. Thus, if you invoke this function directly, you get a result like this:

      mysql> SELECT NAME_CONST('myname', 14);
      +--------+
      | myname |
      +--------+
      |     14 |
      +--------+
      

      NAME_CONST() allows a logged standalone statement to be executed on a slave with the same effect as the original statement that was executed on the master within a stored procedure.

    • A statement to be logged might contain references to user-defined variables. To handle this, MySQL writes a SET statement to the binary log to make sure that the variable exists on the slave with the same value as on the master. For example, if a statement refers to a variable @my_var, that statement will be preceded in the binary log by the following statement, where value is the value of @my_var on the master:

      SET @my_var = value;
      
    • Procedure calls can occur within a committed or rolled-back transaction. Previously, CALL statements were logged even if they occurred within a rolled-back transaction. As of MySQL 5.0.12, transactional context is accounted for so that the transactional aspects of procedure execution are replicated correctly. That is, the server logs those statements within the procedure that actually execute and modify data, and also logs BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements as necessary. For example, if a procedure updates only transactional tables and is executed within a transaction that is rolled back, those updates are not logged. If the procedure occurs within a committed transaction, BEGIN and COMMIT statements are logged with the updates. For a procedure that executes within a rolled-back transaction, its statements are logged using the same rules that would apply if the statements were executed in standalone fashion:

      • Updates to transactional tables are not logged.

      • Updates to non-transactional tables are logged because rollback does not cancel them.

      • Updates to a mix of transactional and non-transactional tables are logged surrounded by BEGIN and ROLLBACK so that slaves will make the same changes and rollbacks as on the master.

  • A stored procedure call is not written to the binary log at the statement level if the procedure is invoked from within a stored function. In that case, the only thing logged is the statement that invokes the function (if it occurs within a statement that is logged) or a DO statement (if it occurs within a statement that is not logged). For this reason, care should be exercised in the use of stored functions that invoke a procedure, even if the procedure is otherwise safe in itself.